Figure 3

Vertebrae in transgenic mice with homeotic mutations. A) homeotic transformations of vertebrae in Hox6 paralogous mutants (red arrows) with 8 cervical vertebrae instead of 7. Reproduced with permission from [39]. B), C), D), E) showing incomplete and complete homeotic transformations in mice with loss of function of Hoxa5. B) wild-type, C) short rudimentary rib on C7 (arrowhead), D) large rudimentary rib on C7 which is fused to the first thoracic rib (arrowhead), E) complete rib on C7 which is fused to the sternum (arrowhead). Reproduced with permission from [66]3. F) Change in the number of presacral vertebrae from 25 to 23 in transgenic mice with overexpression of Cdx1. Reproduced with permission from [97]. G) Asymmetric lumbar ribs in transgenic mice with loss of function of Hoxc8. Reproduced with permission from [138]. H) Fusion of the spinous processes of the second and third cervical vertebrae in a Hoxa4-b4 double mutant. Reproduced with permission from [138] I) Asymmetric and transitional lumbo-sacral vertebra with incomplete fusion of L6 to the sacrum (arrow). Reproduced with permission from [139].