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Table 1 Vertebral information and congenital abnormalities in investigated mammalian specimens: Folivorea (sloths)

From: Breaking evolutionary and pleiotropic constraints in mammals: On sloths, manatees and homeotic mutations

Folivora (sloths)

Collection

Species

Collection No.

Sex

Vertebral formula

Presacral No.

Rud. ribs on vertebrae

Skeletal and fibrous abnormalities

  

15260 **)

F

5C 1C/T 22T 1T/L 3L 6S 1S/Cg 5Cg

32

V6, V29

C2/C3 fusion, deformation of pelvic girdle, hole in scapula

RBINC

Choloepus hoffmanni

16349 **)

F

5C 1C/T 21T 1T/L 3L 1L/S 5S 5Cg

31.5

V6

C1/C2 fusion, hole in larynx

  

16348 **)

F

5C 1C/T 21T 4L 1L/S 7S 1SCg 4Cg

31.5

V6

C2/C3 fusion

  

RMNH.MAM.322 **)

F

6C 1C/T 23T 4L 7S 1S/Cg 5Cg

34

V7

Malformed first ribs, hole in scapula

  

RMNH.MAM.3961

F

6C 1C/T 23T 1T/L 2L 1L/S 7S 5Cg

33.5

V7

-

  

RMNH.MAM.24470

n.a.

5C 2C/T 24T 4L 7S 1S/Cg 3+Cg

35

V6,V7

Abnormal fibrous band attached to rudimentary rib

  

RMNH.MAM.24469

n.a.

5C 2C/T 23T 4L 7S 4Cg

34

V6 V7

Incomplete ossification sternum

  

RMNH.MAM.3274

n.a.

6C 1C/T 22T 1T/L 4L 7S 6Cg

34

V7

-

  

RMNH.MAM.3465

n.a.

5C 2C/T 23T 1T/L 3L 7S 5Cg

34

V6 V7

C2-C3 fusion, ossification absent in sternum, fusion of ribs on V6-V7,

  

RMNH.MAM.1002 **)

F

5C 2C/T 23T 3L 1L/S 7S 4Cg

33.5

V6 V7

C2-C3 fusion, deformation of first ribs, asymmetric sternum, fusion of rudimentary ribs on V6-V7

NCBN

Choloepus didactylus

RMNH.MAM.7203 **)

F

6C 1C/T 23T 4L 7S 1S/Cg +Cg

34

V7

C2-C3 fusion, V7-V8 fusion, asymmetric vertebrae, fibrous band attached to rudimentary ribs

  

RMNH.MAM.2552

F

6C 1C/T 24T 3L 7S 1S/Cg 5Cg

34

V7

Malformed ribs (3 most anterior ones)

  

RMNH.MAM.1673

F

6C 1C/T 24T 3L 8S 5Cg

34

V7

C3,C4,C5 fused

  

ZMA335

n.a.

6C 1C/T 24T 3L 8S 4CG

34

V7

Ossification absent in sternum and sacrum

  

ZMA334

n.a.

5C 2C/T 23T 4L 1L/S 9S 3+Cg

34.5

V6

C2-C3 fusion

  

ZMA.336

n.a.

6C 1C/T 1C/T 22T 4L 8S 4Cg

34

V7 V8

Abnormal fibrous band attached to rudimentary rib, incomplete ossification

  

RMNH.MAM.11417

F

-

-

-

Malformed humeri, oligodontia

  

RMNH.MAM.1156

n.a.

1L 1L/S 7S 4Cg

-

-

*)

  

ZMA.9765

F

6S 1S/Cg

-

-

*)

  

RMNH.MAM.21576

n.a.

8C 1C/T 15T 3L 1L/S 6S 9Cg

28

V9

Asymmetric cranium

  

RMNH.MAM.21581

n.a.

7C 2C/T 14T 1T/L 3L 7S 8Cg

27

V8 V9 V24

-

  

RMNH.MAM.24440

n.a.

8C 1C/T 16T

-

-

Asymmetric cranium

  

RMNH.MAM.10460

F

8C 1C/T 15T 4L 6S 8Cg

28

V9

Irregularly shaped first rib

  

RMNH.MAM.10459

F

8C 1C/T 14T 3L 1L/S 6S 6C 6+Cg

27

V9

Metacarpal, metatarsal anomalies, many fractures, hole in cranium (unknown cause)

 

Bradypus tridactylus

RMNH.MAM.18781

F

8C 1C/T 14T 4L 6S 8Cg

27

V9

-

  

RMNH.MAM.24421

n.a.

8C 1C/T 15T 4L 5S 10Cg

28

-

-

  

ZMA331

n.a.

7C 2C/T 14T 1T/L 4L 6S 1S/Cg 7Cg

28

V8 V9 V24

Irregularly shaped vertebrae and first rib

  

ZMA332

n.a.

8C 1C/T 15T 1T/L 3L 6S 1S/Cg 6+Cg

28

V9 V25

-

  

ZMA924 **)

n.a.

8C 1C/T 15T 3L 6S 7Cg

27

V9

Irregularly shaped vertebrae and first rib

  

U. ZMA coll. **)

n.a.

8C 1C/T 15T 4L 5S 1S/Cg 8Cg

28

V9

-

  1. *) Skeleton largely absent
  2. **) Died in captivity
  3. Abbreviations: n.a. - not available, C -Cervical, T - Thoracic, L-Lumbar, S - Sacral, Cg - Coccygeal, Cd - Caudal (post thoracic), V - Vertebra, rud. - rudimentary, NCBN - NCB Naturalis, RMCA - Royal Museum for Central Africa Tervuren, RBINC - Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences Brussels, NHM - Natural History Museum London