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Table 3 Hypothetical module associations of bone elements

From: Heterochrony and developmental modularity of cranial osteogenesis in lipotyphlan mammals

 

Developmental origin module

Ossification mode module

Phenotypic module

 

Neural crest cells

Mesoderm

Endochondral

Dermal

Oral

Nasal

Zygomatic

Vault

Basicranium

Premaxilla

â—¯

  

â—¯

â—¯

â—¯

   

Maxilla

â—¯

  

â—¯

â—¯

â—¯

â—¯

  

Palatine

â—¯

  

â—¯

â—¯

â—¯

â—¯

  

Dentary

â—¯

  

â—¯

â—¯

    

Frontal

â—¯

  

â—¯

 

â—¯

 

â—¯

 

Parietal

 

â—¯

 

â—¯

   

â—¯

 

Squamosal

â—¯

 

â—¯

   

â—¯

â—¯

 

Basiocciptial

 

â—¯

â—¯

     

â—¯

Nasal

â—¯

  

â—¯

 

â—¯

   

Pterygoid

â—¯

 

â—¯

 

â—¯

 

â—¯

 

â—¯

Exoccipital

 

â—¯

â—¯

    

â—¯

â—¯

Basisphenoid

 

â—¯

â—¯

   

â—¯

 

â—¯

Lacrimal

â—¯

  

â—¯

  

â—¯

â—¯

 

Alisphenoid

 

â—¯

â—¯

   

â—¯

â—¯

 

Orbitosphenoid

â—¯

 

â—¯

   

â—¯

â—¯

 

Petrosal

 

â—¯

â—¯

     

â—¯

Mastoid

 

â—¯

â—¯

    

â—¯

â—¯

Vomer

â—¯

  

â—¯

â—¯

â—¯

   

Presphenoid

â—¯

 

â—¯

     

â—¯

Supraoccipital

 

â—¯

â—¯

    

â—¯

 

Ectotympanic

â—¯

 

â—¯

     

â—¯

Goniale

â—¯

 

â—¯

     

â—¯

  1. Developmental origin modules are derived from [62], ossification mode modules from [63], and phenotypic module from [34, 64, 65].