Table 1 Induction methods and focal strains

Wingless male^a

08Ap1, 06D

Rearing mother aphids (viviparous) under short-day conditions

[8, 11, 25]

Winged male^a

ApL, 06D

Rearing mother aphids (viviparous) under short-day conditions

[8, 11, 25]

Wingless viviparous female^b

ApL

Rearing mother aphids (viviparous) under low-density conditions

[8–10]

Winged viviparous female^b

ApL

Rearing mother aphids (viviparous) under high-density conditions

[8–10]

Oviparous female (wingless)^c

ApL

Rearing mother aphids (viviparous) under short-day conditions

[9, 25]

Fundatrix (wingless)^c

ApL × ApL

By mating male and oviparous female

[9, 13, 26]