Toll signals regulate dorsal–ventral patterning and anterior–posterior placement of the embryo in the hemipteran Rhodnius prolixus

Table 1 Major features of Rhodnius embryonic development until katatrepsis

Period	Stage	Developmental time at 28°C		Characteristic features in whole mounts
		Hours	%*
Cleavage	1A	0–6	1.8	Nuclei divide internally
Cleavage	1B	6–12	3.6	Nuclei reach the periphery
Blastoderm	2A	12–18	5.3	Formation of germ rudiment
Blastoderm	2B	18–24	7.1	Nuclei progressively concentrate at egg posterior
Gastrulation	3A	24–30	8.9	Germ rudiment invagination begins
Gastrulation	3B	30–36	10.7	Germ band extension
Segmentation	4	36–48	14.3	Anterior segmentation (in head and thorax) begins
	5	48–60	17.9	Appendage buds appear; non-segmented abdomen
	6	60–72	21.4	Appendages grow;
	6	60–72	21.4	segmented abdomen; neural groove evident
Growth	7	72–84	25	Thoracic appendages elongate, bigger than head appendages
	8	84–96	26.6	Antennal appendages grow over first maxillary appendages
	9	96–108	32	First maxillary appendages hidden by antennal appendages; embryo shortens and widens (germ band retraction)
Katatrepsis and Dorsal Closure	10	108–132	35	At the end of katatrepsis, embryo and egg anterior-posterior axes coincide; embryo closes dorsally

ISSN: 2041-9139