Fig. 3

Mandible developmental trajectories are species-specific. Mandible morphospace is described by mandible length relative to depth of the processes (PC1) and the relative length of the retroarticular process (PC2). Differences in shape were analyzed either a–c within a single day or e–g, i–k through ontogeny. Species is indicated by color and time point is indicated by symbol, as designed in panel headings. Ellipses encompass all samples for the indicated species at a single time point, and mean PC scores are marked by large icon. Note that the plot is the same in (e–g, i–k), but with a different species highlighted. d Landmarks (dots) used in morphometric analysis. h, l Variation in mandible shape described by PC1 through ontogeny, depicted as deformation grids using thin-plate splines