The ParaHox gene Gsx patterns the apical organ and central nervous system but not the foregut in scaphopod and cephalopod mollusks

Wollesen, Tim; Rodríguez Monje, Sonia Victoria; McDougall, Carmel; Degnan, Bernard M.; Wanninger, Andreas

doi:10.1186/s13227-015-0037-z

EvoDevo

Table 1 Gsx gene expression domains in metazoan developmental stages as revealed by in situ hybridization experiments

From: The ParaHox gene Gsx patterns the apical organ and central nervous system but not the foregut in scaphopod and cephalopod mollusks

Super-phylum/clade/species	Name of Gsx ortholog	Gsx expression domains	References
Cnidaria
Acropora millepora	Cnox-2Am	Planula larva Ectodermal cells along the oral/aboral body axis (rare in oral region)	[8]
Nematostella vectensis	Anthox2	Planula larva Posterior endoderm, i.e., prospective oral end Developing mesenteries (ectoderm), Late planula larva Columnar ectodermal cells in tentacle buds Oral ectoderm	[9]
Clytia hemisphaerica	Gsx Ch	Planula and embryos Endodermal cells in oral and aboral region	[10]
Podocoryne carnea	Gsx	Planula Anterior and posterior endoderm	[11]
Lophotrochozoa
Gastropoda Gibbula varia	Gva-Gsx	Trochophore Bilateral pair of 4-5 cells in dorso-median episphere (anlagen of cerebral ganglia?) Pair of each three sensory cells in apical organ Cells around stomodeum Pre-torsional veliger Two apical tuft cells and sensory cup cells of apical organ Cells around mouth opening Ventral portion of nascent digestive gland Post-torsional competent veliger Ventral portion of digestive gland Cells around mouth opening Cells at ventral border of the yolk-filled cells Cells in cerebral ganglia anlagen Cells in foregut close to radula anlage Postlarval development Posterior radula sac	[12]
Scaphopoda Antalis entalis	Aen-Gsx	Early-stage trochophore 2 cells each in the lateral episphere on both sides 1 cell each lateral to the anus on both sides Mid-stage trochophore 1 pair of cells in the apical organ and another pair lateral to latter 1 cell each lateral to the anus on both sides 1 cell each in posterolateral mantle on both sides Late-stage trochophore Several cells in the region of the cerebral and pedal ganglia and ventral foot Metamorphic competent trochophore Several cells in the region of the cerebral and pedal ganglia, the ventral foot, and the captacula Postmetamorphic individual Several cells in the region of the cerebral and pedal ganglia, the ventral foot, and the captacula	Present study
Cephalopoda Idiosepius notoides	Ino-Gsx	Stage 19–20 Cerebral, optic, and palliovisceral ganglia Stage 23 Cerebral, optic, and palliovisceral ganglia Stage 25 Inferior frontal lobes, precommissural lobes, anterior and posterior basal lobes, inferior buccal lobes, Stage 26 Inferior frontal lobes, precommissural lobes, anterior and posterior basal lobes, inferior buccal lobes, peduncle lobes, and optic lobes Stages 27–30 Region around eyes	Present study
Annelida
Platynereis dumerilii	Pdu-Gsx	Trochophore Few cells in apical hemisphere in apical organ and cerebral ganglia Cells of ventral plate during differentiation of trunk CNS Two bilateral clusters of cells close to stomodeum Setiger larva Cells in midgut and posterior foregut	[13]
Nereis virens	Nvi-Gsh	Trochophore Bilateral cell clusters in dorso-median episphere Multiple bilaterally expression domains in dorsolateral episphere that persist during later larval development Stomodeum Early juveniles Large cells at dorsal part of head at position of adult eyes No expression in older juveniles	[14]
Capitella teleta	CapI-Gsx	Embryo (stages 5-8) Small domain of anterior CNS	[15]
Ecdysozoa
Arthropoda
Drosophila melanogaster	ind (intermediate neuroblasts defective)	Intermediate column cells of developing CNS In intermediate ectodermal domain of antennal segment Dorsal ectodermal region of the ocular region	[16, 17]
Tribolium castaneum	Tc-ind	Intermediate column cells of developing CNS	[18]
Deuterostomia
Echinodermata Strongylocentrotus purpuratus	Sp-Gsx	Gastrula and subsequent larval stage Two bilateral neuroectodermal domains	[19]
Patiria miniata	Pm-Gsx	Provided as maternal message with no zygotic activation in subsequent developmental stages	[20]
Hemichordata Ptychodera flava	PfGsx	Gastrula Cells around blastopore of gastrula (disappear in tornaria larva)	[7]
Chordata
Branchiostoma floridae	AmphiGsx	Anterior CNS	[21, 22]
Ciona intestinalis	Ci-gsx	Anterior CNS	[23]
Mus musculus	Gsh-1, Gsh-2	Gsh-1 CNS (neural tube, hindbrain, mesencephalon, diencephalon) Gsh-2 CNS (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain)	[24–26]
Danio rerio	Gsh-1	Gsh-1 Early embryo In hindbrain rhombomeres late embryo In mesencephalon, diencephalon, and intermediate spinal cord	[27]
Oryzias latipes	Ol-Gsh 1	Gsh 1 Neuroectoderm (spinal cord, dorsal rhombencephalon, optic tectum, dorsal diencephalon, hypothalamus, rostral telencephalon)	[28]
Xenopus tropicalis	Gsh-1, Gsh-2	Gsh-1 and Gsh-2 Anterior neural plate/CNS	[29]

Few studies have been carried out on Gsx expression in juvenile or adult bilaterians

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ISSN: 2041-9139

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