Fig. 3

Shape and size differences in the lateral aspect of the neurocranium between CA, DC and F1 hybrids. a Camera Lucida drawing of CA neurocranium indicating landmarks. b CV1 deformation vectors on CA landmark configuration. c Mean and distribution of CA (n = 15), DC (n = 12) and F1 (n = 16) individuals along the neurocranial CV1 axis, expressed in within-species standard deviation units. **p < 0.001, Bartlett’s test. d Mean and distribution of CA, DC and F1 preorbital length (cm). e–g Dissected, alizarin red-/alcian blue-stained neurocrania of CA (e), DC (f) and F1 (g) specimens. Scale bar 5 mm. h–j Individual neurocranial bones labeled on Camera Lucida drawings of CA (h), DC (i) and F1 (j). Asterisk (*) indicates preorbital bone. ***p < 0.001, Tukey’s HSD test. Bone nomenclature after [64]. BO basioccipital, BS basisphenoid, EC ethmoid cartilage, EO epiotic, EOC exoccipital, FR frontal, LE lateral ethmoid, ME mesethmoid, PA parietal, PO pterotic, PRO prootic, PS parasphenoid, SO sphenotic, SOC supraoccipital, VO vomer