Fig. 1
From: Developmental changes and novelties in ceratophryid frogs
Recent molecular phylogenies for a the Ceratophryidae and b the Anura. Selected traits that are proposed as synapomorphies for the certophryids (discussed in the text) are mapped onto the two cladograms. The well-supported monophyly for the three genera in the Ceratophryidae (a) and the relationships of the 12 extant species within the family permit interpretation of the changes in development that lead to morphological diversity in the family (although questions remain about the relationship of C. pierottii) [10]. Within the Anura (b), the Ceratophryidae appear to hold a relatively basal position among South American hyloid clades [9]. Despite many diagnostic apomorphies in the Ceratophryidae, the homoplastic and autapomorphic traits make it difficult to pinpoint the origin of these frogs. The hypothesized relationships in these figures represent the phylogenetic framework for the morphological comparisons presented in this review