Fig. 11
From: Developmental changes and novelties in ceratophryid frogs
Heterotopic variation in mandibular muscles in the extant Anura, plus Lepidobatrachus. a, b The homology of amphibians jaw musculature was hypothesized based on muscle origin and insertions, orientation of fibers and relative position of trigeminal divisions [80]. This interpretation is applicable to both larval and adults since relations of the nerve divisions to the muscles are maintained through metamorphosis. The schema represents this condition for anurans as observed in larvae (a dorsal view) and adults (b lateral view) of Ceratophrys cranwelli. c, d In larvae (c dorsal view) and adults (d lateral view) of Lepidobatrachus spp., the trigeminal divisions (V 1, V 2 and V 3) are positioned anteriorly to the muscles levator mandibulae, which differ from all other anurans and correlated with the posterolateral displacement of jaw suspension [7, 50]. V 1 ramus ophthalmicus of trigeminus, V 2 ramus maxillaris of trigeminus, V 3 ramus mandibularis of trigeminus, mla muscle levatorae mandibulae anterior, mle muscle levatorae mandibulae externus, mli muscle levatorae mandibulae internus, mll muscle levatorae mandibulae lateralis, ml muscle levatorae mandibulae longus, mlp muscle levatorae mandibulae longus profundus, mls muscle levatorae mandibulae longus superficialis