Fig. 2

Reaction norms of abdominal and wing melanic pigmentation of males and females reared at different temperatures. a Reaction norm of abdominal melanic pigmentation. The area of melanic pigmentation was normalized for body size by dividing the area of the pigmented area by the total area of the A2–A4 abdominal segments. b Reaction norms of the proximal melanic band (solid line) and the distal melanized membranous portion of the wing (dashed line). A drawing of the forewing is shown with the measured areas highlighted in black. The areas were normalized for body size by dividing the pigmented area by the total wing area. In (a) and (b), the error bars represent standard error. Female: one-way ANOVA: p < 0.0001, df = 2, F = 189.42; Tukey–Kramer HSD analysis for females: p < 0.0001 for all pairwise comparisons. Male: one-way ANOVA: p < 0.0001, df = 2, F = 215.09; Tukey–Kramer HSD analysis for males: p < 0.0001 for all pairwise comparisons. c Fold difference of the normalized melanized areas of the abdomen and the proximal band of the wing relative to the normalized areas at 26.5 °C