Fig. 2

Larval tail muscles and swimming behavior. a Diagram of a Ciona robusta tadpole, showing the arrangement of 18 mononucleated muscle cells in a muscle band on the one side of the tail. b Overlaid images taken at 5-millisecond intervals, showing half of a tail beat in the repetitive swimming behavior of the Ciona tadpole. c Illustration of a tail muscle cell in the larva of Aplidium constellatum, showing the oblique position of the myofibrils relative to the anterior–posterior axis of the cell, and the continuous nature of the striated fibrils from cell to cell. d Image of Diplosoma listerianum larva tail stained with phalloidin-Alexa Fluor 488 (myofibrils, purple) and DAPI (nuclei, orange). a and b Adapted from Nishino et al. [244]. c Adapted from Grave [123]