TY - JOUR AU - Kjosness, Kelsey M. AU - Reno, Philip L. PY - 2019 DA - 2019/11/25 TI - Identifying the homology of the short human pisiform and its lost ossification center JO - EvoDevo SP - 32 VL - 10 IS - 1 AB - The pisiform and calcaneus are paralogous bones of the wrist and ankle and are the only carpal and tarsal, respectively, to develop from two ossification centers with an associated growth plate in mammals. Human pisiforms and calcanei have undergone drastic evolutionary changes since our last common ancestor with chimpanzees and bonobos. The human pisiform is truncated and has lost an ossification center with the associated growth plate, while the human calcaneus has expanded and retained two ossification centers and a growth plate. Mammalian pisiforms represent a wide range of morphologies but extremely short pisiforms are rare and ossification center loss is even rarer. This raises the question of whether the sole human pisiform ossification center is homologous to the primary center or the secondary center of other species. We performed an ontogenetic study of pisiform and calcaneus ossification patterns and timing in macaques, apes, and humans (nā€‰=ā€‰907) from museum skeletal collections to address this question. SN - 2041-9139 UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-019-0145-2 DO - 10.1186/s13227-019-0145-2 ID - Kjosness2019 ER -