Fig. 6

Pairwise comparisons of proliferation (PH3-positive cells ) between species. Standardized mean proliferation (PH3/DAPI * 100) were scored in the midface along the parasagittal plane at CS18. Shown on the left are three parasagittal serial sections for A. jamaicensis. The midface is outlined with a dotted line. Proliferation rates (right violin plots) were compared between M. natalensis (MN, 1.208, n = 3), G. soricina (GS, 1.686, n = 3), C. perspicillata (CP, 2.423, n = 3), and A. jamaicensis (AJ, 2.055, n = 3). ANOVA pairwise comparisons were performed with M. natalensis as the reference outgroup. Compared to M. natalensis, G. soricina has similar proliferation (p = 0.66), C. perspicillata has elevated proliferation (p = 0.001), and A. jamaicensis has slightly elevated proliferation (p = 0.027). All p-values are adjusted for multiple comparisons. Silhouettes of cranial morphology in lateral view are shown for each species at CS18, where species differences in facial length begin among phyllostomids. Scale bar: 2 mm