Fig. 3

Sexual reproduction in Daphnia. a D. pulex with a sexual resting stage [= ephippium (plural: ephippia), the black structure]. b D. magna with resting stage. The dark mass in the centre part of the body (also visible in the animal in a) is the next asexual clutch being produced in the ovaries. c Male D. magna. d Freshly cast resting stage from D. magna, containing one or two embryos in developmental arrest. The resting stage has still parts of the female’s carapace attached to it (appendages in top and bottom), which is shed together with the resting stage. e Embryo from a resting stage. All pictures by D. Ebert. Scale bar = 1 mm