Figure 8

Schematic diagrams of wing (a) and flight muscle (b) development. Development times differ slightly between wings and flight muscles. No flight-apparatus primordia are observed over the course of a lifetime in both fundatrix and oviparous females, which are wingless. However, in wingless males and wingless viviparous females, wing primordia degenerate during early postembryonic development. Even though flight muscles develop and differentiate in wingless males, the flight-muscle primordia in wingless viviparous females also degenerate. Furthermore, in winged viviparous females, flight-muscle breakdown and energy reallocation both occur before larviposition starts. WD: winged, WL: wingless.