For early larvae of amphioxus, Kaji et al. (Zool Lett 2:2, 2016) proposed that mesoderm cells are added to the rim of the forming mouth, giving it the quality of a coelomoduct without homology to the oral opening...
Mammals (class Mammalia) have evolved diverse craniofacial morphology to adapt to a wide range of ecological niches. However, the genetic and developmental mechanisms underlying the diversification of mammalia...
Wnt/β-catenin (or canonical) signalling pathway activity is necessary and used independently several times for specification of vegetal fate and endoderm, gut differentiation, maintenance of epithelium in adul...
Authors: Radim Žídek, Ondřej Machoň and Zbyněk Kozmik
In the last few years, accumulated information has indicated that the evolution of an extra-embryonic membrane in dipterans was accompanied by changes in the gene regulatory network controlled by the BMP/Dpp p...
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) regulates many cell fate decisions in animal development. In multicellular structures of the group 4 dictyostelid Dictyostelium discoideum, GSK3 promotes spore over stalk-like di...
Authors: Yoshinori Kawabe, Takahiro Morio, Yoshimasa Tanaka and Pauline Schaap
The concerted activity of Meis and Hoxa11 transcription factors is essential for the subdivision of tetrapod limbs into proximo-distal (PD) domains; however, little is know about the evolution of this patterning ...
Authors: Fernanda Langellotto, Maria Fiorentino, Elena De Felice, Luigi Caputi, Valeria Nittoli, Jean M. P. Joss and Paolo Sordino
Although retinoic acid (RA) signaling plays a crucial role in the body patterning of chordates, its function in non-chordate invertebrates, other than its mediation of environmental cues triggering metamorphos...
Authors: Shumpei Yamakawa, Yoshiaki Morino, Masanao Honda and Hiroshi Wada
Sall (Spalt-like) proteins are zinc-finger transcription factors involved in a number of biological processes. They have only been studied in a few model organisms, such as Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis...
Authors: José Lorente-Sorolla, Marta Truchado-Garcia, Kimberly J. Perry, Jonathan Q. Henry and Cristina Grande
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors is one of the largest superfamilies of regulatory transcription factors and is widely used in eukaryotic organisms. They play an essential role...
Authors: E. Perea-Atienza, S. G. Sprecher and P. Martínez
Understanding the general trends in developmental changes during animal evolution, which are often associated with morphological diversification, has long been a central issue in evolutionary developmental bio...
Current studies in evolutionary developmental biology are focused on the reconstruction of gene regulatory networks in target animal species. From decades, the scientific interest on genetic mechanisms orchest...
Authors: Evgeniya Anishchenko, Maria Ina Arnone and Salvatore D’Aniello
The axonal projection from the retina to the optic tectum maps visual information isomorphically from one to the other and serves as a model for the development of sensory maps more generally in the vertebrate...
The notochord has organizer properties and is required for floor plate induction and dorsoventral patterning of the neural tube. This activity has been attributed to sonic hedgehog (shh) signaling, which origi...
Authors: Stanislav Kremnyov, Kristine Henningfeld, Christoph Viebahn and Nikoloz Tsikolia
Previous analysis suggested that the relative contribution of individual bones to regional skull lengths differ between inbred mouse strains. If the negative correlation of adjacent bone lengths is associated...
Authors: Christopher J. Percival, Rebecca Green, Charles C. Roseman, Daniel M. Gatti, Judith L. Morgan, Stephen A. Murray, Leah Rae Donahue, Jessica M. Mayeux, K. Michael Pollard, Kunjie Hua, Daniel Pomp, Ralph Marcucio and Benedikt Hallgrímsson
ETCHbox genes are eutherian-specific homeobox genes expressed during preimplantation development at a time when the first cell lineage decisions are being made. The mouse has an unusual repertoire of ETCHbox g...
Authors: Amy H. Royall, Ignacio Maeso, Thomas L. Dunwell and Peter W. H. Holland
The anterior neuroectoderm (ANE) in many deuterostome embryos (echinoderms, hemichordates, urochordates, cephalochordates, and vertebrates) is progressively restricted along the anterior–posterior axis to a do...
Authors: Anita Khadka, Marina Martínez-Bartolomé, Stephanie D. Burr and Ryan C. Range
The development of male- or female-specific phenotypes in squamates is typically controlled by either temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) or chromosome-based genetic sex determination (GSD). However,...
Authors: Sarah L. Whiteley, Clare E. Holleley, Wendy A. Ruscoe, Meghan Castelli, Darryl L. Whitehead, Juan Lei, Arthur Georges and Vera Weisbecker
Batoids exhibit unique body plans with derived fin morphologies, such as the anteriorly expanded pectoral fins that fuse to the head, or distally extended anterior pelvic fin lobes used for a modified swimming...
Life in the darkness of caves is accompanied, throughout phyla, by striking phenotypic changes including the loss or severe reduction in eyes and pigmentation. On the other hand, cave animals have undergone co...
Authors: Victor Simon, Romain Elleboode, Kélig Mahé, Laurent Legendre, Patricia Ornelas-Garcia, Luis Espinasa and Sylvie Rétaux
The model Aquilegia coerulea x “Origami” possesses several interesting floral features, including petaloid sepals that are morphologically distinct from the true petals and a broad domain containing many whorls o...
The evolution of tetrapod limbs from paired fins has long been of interest to both evolutionary and developmental biologists. Several recent investigative tracks have converged to restructure hypotheses in thi...
Authors: Thomas A. Stewart, Ramray Bhat and Stuart A. Newman
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are of central importance for dorsal–ventral (DV) axis specification. They are core components of a signalling cascade that includes the BMP ligand decapentaplegic (DPP) and ...
Authors: Karl R. Wotton, Anna Alcaine-Colet, Johannes Jaeger and Eva Jiménez-Guri
Nemertean embryos undergo equal spiral cleavage, and prior fate-mapping studies showed that some also exhibit key aspects of spiralian lineage-based fate specification, including specification of the primary t...
Authors: George von Dassow and Svetlana A. Maslakova
There have been few studies of head patterning in non-insect arthropods, and even in the insects, much is not yet understood. In the fly Drosophila three head gap genes, orthodenticle (otd), buttonhead (btd) and
Heterochronic shifts during mid- to late stages of organismal development have been proposed as key mechanisms generating phenotypic diversity. To determine whether late heterochronic shifts underlie derived f...
Authors: Jamie L. Kostyun, Jill C. Preston and Leonie C. Moyle
