Creating diversity in mammalian facial morphology: a review of potential developmental mechanisms

Table 2 The genes involved in shortening the face and making the orofacial cleft in mouse

Gene	Mutant	Phenotype	Protein function	Signaling pathway	References
Bmp2/Bmp4	Wnt1Cre; Bmp2 ^f/f ; Bmp4 ^f/f	Truncated face	Signaling molecule	BMP	[30]
Bmpr1a	NestinCre; Bmpr1a ^−/f	CL/P	Receptor	BMP	[215]
Ctnnb1	Ctnnb1 ^f/f ; Crect	Truncated face	Transcription factor; regulation of cell–cell adhesion	Wnt	[22]
Msx1	Msx1 ^−/−	Truncated face	Transcription factor	BMP Shh	[23]
Ptch1	Wnt1Cre; Ptch1 ^c/c	CL	Receptor	Hh	[216]
Smo	Wnt1Cre;Smo ^−/c	Truncated face	Receptor	Hh	[217]
Tfap2a	Tfap2a Neo(hypomrpha)/Null model	CL/P	Transcription factor	FGF Notch BMP	[218]
Wnt3	Wnt3 ^−/−	CL/P	Signaling molecule	Wnt	[219]
Wnt9b	Wnt9b ⁻ /clf1	CL/P	Signaling molecule	Wnt	[220]
Wnt5a	Wnt5a ^−/−	Truncated face	Signaling molecule	Wnt	[25, 31, 32]
Bmpr1a	Osr2-IresCre;Bmpr1a^f/f	SMCP	Receptor	BMP	[38]
Fblin5	Fblin5 ^−/−	Shortened face	Secreted extracellular matrix protein	MAPK-Erk	[35]
Fgf8	Osr2cre;Rosa26R-Fgf8	CP	Growth factor	FGF	[221]
Kif3a	Wnt1Cre;Kif3a ^f/f	CP	Motor protein	Hh	[222]
Msx1	Msx1 ^−/−	Shortened face CP	Transcription factor	BMP Shh	[223, 224]
Mn1	Mn1 ^−/−	Shortened face CP	Transcription coregulator	N/A	[225]
Shox2	Shox2 ^−/−	CP	Transcription factor	N/A	[226]
Tbx22	Tbx22 ^−/−	SMCP	Transcription factor	BMP FGF	[39]
Tgfβr2	Wnt1Cre; Tgfβr2 ^f/f	CP	Receptor	TGF-β	[227]

ISSN: 2041-9139