Table 1 parameter values

General

Grid size

\(30\times 30\)

Evolutionary time steps

10,000

Death rate

0.5

Initial # agents

50

Development

Developmental time steps

1200

The number of integration steps

Duration of division period

600

Divisions occur every five time steps

Duration of stabilization period

600

Period without divisions

Integration step size

0.2

Forward Euler integration

Morphogen decay rate

0.025 or 0.2

Initial tissue size

14 cells

Of which nine form the head

Gene and protein dynamics

Gene product decay rate

0.3

Hill constant of the TFBS

60

Gene transcription

100

Mutational dynamics

Nr of gene types

16

Gene duplication

0.006

Note that with the gene, also its TFBS are duplicated

Gene deletion

0.009

TFBS weight change

0.001

TFBS type change

0.001

TFBS duplication

0.0015

TFBS deletion

0.004

TFBS innovation

0.001

Spontaneous emergence of new TFBS

Fitness

G: penalty per gene

0.0005

T: penalty per TFBS

0.00005

Control period

100 steps

Period over which gene expression stability is measured

U: expression variance penalty

0.1

Penalty per cell that has a variance in segmentation gene level > 5.0 during the control period