Sea cucumbers: an emerging system in evo-devo

Table 2 Established techniques that have been used for cellular, developmental and regenerative biology studies on embryo and adult sea cucumbers

Techniques		Species	References
Immunohisto-chemistry	Adults	Holothuria mexicana Holothuria glaberrima Stichopus badionotus Cucumaria frondosa Apostichopus japonicus Holothuria forskali Leptosynapta clarki Eupentacta fraudatrix Holothuria scabra Holothuria arguinensis Pearsonothuria graeffei Bohadschia subrubra Holothuria polii	[55] [55] [55] [70] [75] [43] [69] [99] [2] [98] [52] [52] [31]
Immunohisto-chemistry	Embryos & larvae	Apostichopus japonicus Holothuria atra Parastichopus californicus	[110] [22] [27]
In situ hybridization	Adults	Holothuria glaberrima	[100]
In situ hybridization	Embryos & larvae	Apostichopus japonicus Parastichopus parvimensis	[137] [101]
Tissue explants	Adults	Apostichopus japonicus ovary & respiratory tree Holothuria glaberrima intestinal cultures Holothuria glaberrima radial nerve cord cultures	[157] [19] [42]
Gene expression perturbation	Adults	Apostichopus japonicus RNA interference (RNAi) Holothuria glaberrima Dicer-substrate small interfering RNA (DsiRNA)	[148] [3]
Gene expression perturbation	Embryos & larvae	Parastichopus parvimensis Morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (MASO) injection	[101]
Laser ablation	Embryos & larvae	Apostichopus japonicus	[155]

ISSN: 2041-9139